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① Test instrument ——PIV test system

② Testing principle：

Flow characteristics near the valve are determined using methods of particle image velocimetry and computational fluid dynamics.

③ Test conditions：

At heart rate of 70bpm, the velocity vector field of the valve was recorded when the cardiac outputs were 2L/min, 3.5L/min, 5L/min and 7L/min, respectively.

④ Test results：

Cingular valve has reasonable velocity vector fields with shear stress fields, and hemolysis values and platelet activation are within safe limits.